Summary about Disease
A freckle nevus, also known as a lentigo simplex or simple lentigo, is a common type of skin lesion. It's essentially a flat, small, brown macule (a flat, distinct, discolored area of skin) that results from an increased number of melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) at the junction between the epidermis and dermis of the skin. Freckle nevi are benign and do not typically require treatment unless they are cosmetically undesirable or exhibit changes that raise concern for malignancy.
Symptoms
The primary symptom is the presence of a small (usually smaller than 5mm), flat, brown macule on the skin. The color is typically uniform throughout the lesion. Freckle nevi are usually round or oval in shape and have well-defined borders. They are usually asymptomatic, meaning they don't itch, hurt, or cause any other discomfort.
Causes
Freckle nevi are caused by a localized increase in the number of melanocytes. While sun exposure can darken existing freckle nevi, their development is not solely dependent on sun exposure like ordinary freckles (ephelides). Genetic predisposition may play a role, but the exact cause is not always known.
Medicine Used
Generally, no medicine is required to treat freckle nevi, as they are benign. If removal is desired for cosmetic reasons, options include:
Cryotherapy: Freezing with liquid nitrogen.
Laser therapy: Using lasers to target and destroy the pigmented cells.
Topical bleaching creams: Creams containing hydroquinone or retinoids, although effectiveness can vary.
Surgical excision: Cutting out the freckle nevus, usually reserved for suspicious lesions.
Is Communicable
No, freckle nevi are not communicable. They are not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person.
Precautions
While freckle nevi are typically benign, it's important to practice sun safety to prevent darkening of the lesion and to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer. Precautions include:
Using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher daily.
Wearing protective clothing, such as hats and long sleeves, when outdoors.
Seeking shade during peak sun hours (10 AM to 4 PM).
Regularly examining your skin for any new or changing moles, including freckle nevi.
How long does an outbreak last?
Freckle nevi are not an "outbreak" in the sense of an infection. Once a freckle nevus develops, it may persist indefinitely unless it is removed. It may fade slightly over time, or it may darken with sun exposure.
How is it diagnosed?
Freckle nevi are usually diagnosed through a visual skin examination by a dermatologist or other healthcare professional. A dermatoscope (a handheld magnifying device with a light) may be used to examine the lesion more closely. If there is any suspicion of malignancy, a biopsy may be performed, where a small sample of the skin is removed and examined under a microscope.
Timeline of Symptoms
The typical timeline is:
Appearance: A small, flat, brown spot appears on the skin.
Progression: The spot may slowly enlarge slightly over time, but generally remains stable.
Duration: The freckle nevus persists indefinitely unless removed. It may darken with sun exposure or fade slightly with time.
Changes (Rare): In rare cases, changes in size, shape, color, or border irregularity may occur. If this happens, a dermatologist should be consulted immediately to rule out malignancy.
Important Considerations
Self-examination: Regularly examine your skin for any new or changing moles, including freckle nevi.
ABCDEs of Melanoma: Be aware of the ABCDEs of melanoma (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, Evolving) and consult a dermatologist if any of these features are present in a mole or freckle nevus.
Professional Evaluation: Consult a dermatologist for any suspicious skin lesions or if you have concerns about a freckle nevus.
Cosmetic Removal: Removal of a freckle nevus is usually for cosmetic reasons. Discuss the risks and benefits of different removal methods with your dermatologist.